The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) dietary guidelines1 recommend a diet that consists of nutrient dense foods from various food groups (vegetables, fruits, protein, dairy, grains, oils) within an appropriate calorie level and limiting foods that contain saturated or trans fats, added sugars and sodium. Based on current medical evidence, this healthy eating pattern is designed to help prevent and reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes, obesity, and certain types of cancers, and promotes a healthy body weight. Calorie recommendations vary by age, sex, and physical activity, ranging from an 1800 to 3200 daily calorie intake for adults aged 18 and over.
The table below describes the food groups or components of the Healthy US-Style Eating Pattern and the nutrients and daily recommendations of each group.1
The guidelines also recommend the Healthy Mediterranean-Style Pattern as another option for a healthy diet.1 Compared to the Healthy US-Style eating pattern, the Mediterranean-style contains more fruits and seafood and less dairy. Evaluations comparing both diets showed that the positive health outcomes and nutrient content were similar except for calcium and vitamin D which is slightly lower in the traditional Mediterranean diet.
The Mediterranean diet has been extensively studied for its health benefits, including for CVD risk reduction, type-2 diabetes, weight loss, CVD risk factors, age-related cognitive decline, and overall morbidity and mortality.2-35 In randomized controlled trials, significant benefits in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease was demonstrated in those on the Mediterranean diet. For example, the PREDIMED (PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea) trial randomized 7447 men and women adults in Spain for eight years to three diets: MeDiet + extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO), MeDiet + nuts, and control diet (advice on low-fat diet).2 The hazard ratio (HR) for CVD events (myocardial infarction, stroke or CVD death) was 0.70 (95% confidence interval [CI] [0.53 – 0.91]) in the MeDiet + EVOO group and 0.70 (95% CI [0.53 – 0.94] in the MeDiet + nuts compared to the control group. Incident diabetes was also lower for MeDiet + EVOO (HR 0.60, 95% CI [0.43 – 0.85]) compared to the control group.
The USDA and HHS guidelines have also developed the Healthy Vegetarian Eating Pattern for those who have self-identified as vegetarians.1 In comparison to the Healthy US-Style Eating Pattern, the Vegetarian diet contains more legumes (beans and peas), soy products, nuts and seeds, and whole grains to supplement the nutrients lacking from the absence of meats, poultry, and seafood. As a result of these substitutions, the typical Vegetarian diet delivers somewhat higher calcium and dietary fiber, but lower vitamin D. But all diets mentioned here meet the requirements of a healthy eating pattern.
References
- 2015 – 2020 dietary guidelines for Americans. 8 ed: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture; 2015.
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